book

Routing TCP/IP, Volume II: CCIE Professional Development, Second Edition

by Jeff Doyle

September 2016

Intermediate to advanced

1152 pages

47h 48m

English

Cisco Press

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Introduction to the Second EditionWhat’s Changed in the Industry?BGPIP MulticastIPv6What’s Changed in This Edition?Answers to Configuration and Troubleshooting Exercises
Early Inter-Domain Routing: The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)Origins of EGPOperation of EGPShortcomings of EGPThe Advent of BGPBGP BasicsAutonomous System TypesExternal and Internal BGPMultihomingTransit AS MultihomingStub AS MultihomingMultihoming and Routing PoliciesMultihoming Issues: Load Sharing and Load BalancingMultihoming Issues: Traffic ControlMultihoming Issues: Provider-Assigned AddressingClassless Inter-Domain RoutingA Summarization SummaryClassless RoutingSummarization: The Good, the Bad, and the AsymmetricCIDR: Reducing Class B Address Space DepletionCIDR: Reducing Routing Table ExplosionManaging and Assigning IPv4 Address BlocksCIDR Issues: Multihoming and Provider-Assigned AddressesCIDR Issues: Address PortabilityCIDR Issues: Provider-Independent AddressesCIDR Issues: Traffic EngineeringCIDR Approaches Its LimitsIPv6 Comes of AgeRouting Table Explosion, AgainLooking AheadReview Questions
Who Needs BGP?Connecting to Untrusted DomainsConnecting to Multiple External NeighborsSetting Routing PolicyBGP HazardsOperation of BGPBGP Message TypesBGP Finite State MachinePath AttributesBGP Decision ProcessBGP Message FormatsOpen MessageUpdate MessageKeepalive MessageNotification MessageConfiguring and Troubleshooting BGP PeeringCase Study: EBGP PeeringCase Study: EBGP Peering over IPv6Case Study: IBGP PeeringCase Study: Connected Check and EBGP MultihopCase Study: Managing and Securing BGP ConnectionsLooking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration ExercisesTroubleshooting Exercises
Configuring and Troubleshooting NLRI in BGPInjecting Prefixes with the network StatementUsing the network mask StatementInjecting Prefixes with RedistributionNLRI and IBGPManaging Prefixes in an IBGP TopologyIBGP and IGP SynchronizationAdvertising BGP NLRI into the Local ASRedistributing BGP NLRI into the IGPCase Study: Distributing NLRI in a Stub AS with IBGPDistributing NLRI in a Stub AS with Static RoutesAdvertising a Default Route to a Neighboring ASAdvertising Aggregate Routes with BGPCase Study: Aggregation Using Static RoutesAggregation Using the aggregate-address StatementATOMIC_AGGREGATE and AGGREGATOR AttributesUsing AS_SET with AggregatesLooking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration ExercisesTroubleshooting Exercises
Policy and the BGP DatabaseIOS BGP ImplementationInQ and OutQIOS BGP ProcessesNHT, Event, and the Open ProcessesTable VersionsManaging Policy ChangesClearing BGP SessionsSoft ReconfiguratonRoute RefreshRoute Filtering TechniquesFiltering Routes by NLRICase Study: Using Distribute ListsRoute Filtering with Extended ACLs
Filtering Routes by AS_PATHRegular ExpressionsCase Study: Using AS-Path FiltersCase Study: Setting Policy with Route MapsFilter ProcessingInfluencing the BGP Decision ProcessCase Study: Administrative WeightsCase Study: Using the LOCAL_PREF Attribute
Case Study: Prepending the AS_PATHCase Study: Administrative Distances and Backdoor RoutesControlling Complex Route MapsContinue ClausesPolicy ListsLooking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration ExercisesTroubleshooting Exercises
Scaling the ConfigurationPeer GroupsPeer TemplatesCommunities
Route Flap DampeningOutbound Route Filters (ORF)Next-Hop TrackingFast External FalloverBidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)BGP Prefix Independent Convergence (PIC)Graceful RestartMaximum Prefixes
Tuning BGP MemoryBGP Transport OptimizationScaling the BGP NetworkPrivate AS Numbers4-Byte AS NumbersIBGP and the N-Squared ProblemConfederationsRoute ReflectorsLooking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration ExercisesTroubleshooting Exercises
Multiprotocol Extensions to BGPMBGP Support for the IPv6 Address FamilyConfiguring MBGP for IPv6IPv4 and IPv6 Prefixes over an IPv4 TCP SessionUpgrading IPv4 BGP Configurations to the Address Family FormatIPv4 and IPv6 over an IPv6 TCP ConnectionDual Stack MBGP ConnectionMultihop Dual Stack MBGP ConnectionMixed IPv4 and IPv6 SessionsMultiprotocol IBGP
Looking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration ExercisesQuestion 1:Troubleshooting Exercises
Requirements for IP MulticastIPv4 Multicast AddressesIPv6 Multicast AddressesGroup Membership ConceptsInternet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)IGMP/MLD SnoopingCisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)Multicast Routing IssuesMulticast ForwardingMulticast RoutingSparse Versus Dense TopologiesImplicit Joins Versus Explicit JoinsSource-Based Trees Versus Shared TreesSource-Specific Multicast (SSM)Multicast ScopingLooking AheadRecommended ReadingReview QuestionsConfiguration Exercises
Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM)PIM-DM BasicsPrune OverridesUnicast Route ChangesPIM-DM Designated RoutersPIM Forwarder ElectionOperation of Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)PIM-SM BasicsFinding the Rendezvous PointPIM-SM and Shared TreesSource RegistrationPIM-SM and Shortest Path TreesPIMv2 Message FormatsConfiguring IP Multicast RoutingCase Study: Configuring Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM)
Case Study: Multicast Load SharingTroubleshooting IP Multicast RoutingUsing mrinfoUsing mtrace and mstatLooking AheadRecommended ReadingReview QuestionsConfiguration ExercisesTroubleshooting Exercises
Multicast ScopingCase Study: Multicasting Across Non-Multicast DomainsConnecting to DVMRP NetworksInter-AS MulticastingMultiprotocol Extensions for BGP (MBGP)Operation of Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)MSDP Message FormatsCase Study: Configuring MBGPCase Study: Configuring MSDPCase Study: MSDP Mesh GroupsCase Study: Anycast RPCase Study: MSDP Default PeersLooking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration Exercise
Operation of NAT44Basic NAT ConceptsNAT and IP Address ConservationNAT and ISP MigrationNAT and Multihomed Autonomous SystemsPort Address Translation (PAT)NAT and TCP Load DistributionNAT and Virtual ServersNAT IssuesHeader ChecksumsFragmentationEncryptionSecurityProtocol-Specific IssuesConfiguring NAT44Case Study: Static NATNAT44 and DNSCase Study: Dynamic NATCase Study: A Network MergerCase Study: ISP Multihoming with NATPort Address TranslationCase Study: TCP Load BalancingCase Study: Service DistributionTroubleshooting NAT44Looking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration ExercisesTroubleshooting Exercises
Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (SIIT)IPv4/IPv6 Header TranslationICMP/ICMPv6 TranslationFragmentation and PMTUUpper-Layer Header TranslationNetwork Address Translation with Port Translation (NAT-PT)Operation of NAT-PTConfiguring NAT-PTWhy Is NAT-PT Obsolete?Stateless NAT64Operation of Stateless NAT64Configuration of Stateless NAT64Limitations of NAT64Stateful NAT64Operation of Stateful NAT64Configuration of Stateful NAT64Limitations of Stateful NAT64Looking AheadReview QuestionsConfiguration ExerciseConfiguration Exercise Premise
Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Chapter 10Chapter 11
Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Answer to Configuration Exercise 1Answer to Configuration Exercise 2Answer to Configuration Exercise 3Answer to Configuration Exercise 4Answer to Configuration Exercise 5Answer to Configuration Exercise 6Answer to Configuration Exercise 7Answer to Configuration Exercise 8Answer to Configuration Exercise 9
Answer to Configuration Exercise 11Answer to Configuration Exercise 12Answer to Configuration Exercise 13Chapter 5Answer to Question 1Answer to Question 2Answer to Question 3Answer to Question 4Answer to Question 5Answer to Question 6Answer to Question 7Answer to Question 8Answer to Question 9Answer to Question 10Chapter 6Question 1:Answer to Configuration Exercise 1Answer to Configuration Exercise 2Answer to Configuration Exercise 3Answer to Configuration Exercise 4Answer to Configuration Exercise 5Answer to Configuration Exercise 6Answer to Configuration Exercise 7Answer to Configuration Exercise 8
Answer to Configuration Exercise 10Chapter 7Answer to Question 1Answer to Question 2Answer to Question 3Chapter 8Answer to Question 1Answer to Question 2Answer to Question 3Answer to Question 4Chapter 9Answer to Configuration ExerciseChapter 10Answer to Configuration Exercise 1Answer to Configuration Exercise 2Answer to Configuration Exercise 3Answer to Configuration Exercise 4Answer to Configuration Exercise 5Answer to Configuration Exercise 6Chapter 11Configuration Exercise PremiseAnswer to Configuration Exercise
Chapter 2Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 1Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 2Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 3Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 4Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 5Chapter 3Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 1Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 2Chapter 4Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 1Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 2Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 3Chapter 5Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 1Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 2Chapter 6Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 1Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 2Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 3Chapter 8Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 1Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 2Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 3Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 4Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 5Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 6Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 7Chapter 10Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 1Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 2Answer to Troubleshooting Exercise 3

Content preview from Routing TCP/IP, Volume II: CCIE Professional Development, Second Edition

Chapter 5. Scaling BGP

BGP is designed to support not only complex routing policies, as you learned in the previous chapter, but also large networks. The Internet is a mesh of autonomous systems interconnected by EBGP—in essence, one extremely large BGP network.

The problem with big networks is that, by their nature, they are supporting many reachable end systems, and hence a great many reachable addresses. As the network grows, the routine activity on the network also grows:

End system addresses are added or removed.